Blood spirits : a Jungian approach to the vampire myth

The aim of this thesis is to explore the vampire motif using the psychological framework of C. G. Jung, which suggests that the vampire is an expression of archetypal contents from the collective unconscious, and that vampire narratives are variations on the theme of Self. Having established the reasons why analytical psychology is a particularly suitable approach for investigating this kind of popular phenomenon, the examination of the vampire motif falls into three main areas. Dicounters with Shadow Vampires looks at vampires which display characteristics particularly associated with the shadow archetype. This section begins with an examination of the vampire in folklore, with particular attention to the Eastern European vampire, making a careful distinction between the vampire of folklote and the later vampire of Romantic literature. A modern example of this kind of vampire imagery is explored in the film Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horrors (1922). Encounters With Animus Vampires is a three part investigation of the vampire as an expression of the contrasexual archetype. The first, Creation: Origins qf the Modern Pampire, concentrates on the male vampire created by the Romantics. The second, Evohilion: Dracula the Novel, is a Jungian reading of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula. The third, Elaboration: Dracula the Movies, shows how the novel has been altered in the numerous film versions of that novel in a way which relates very closely to the prevailing culture of the time. Underworld Quests, is a two part examination of the quest'myth structures of more recent vampire films: The Lost Bgys and Near Dar (both from 1987) and Interview with the Vampire (1994). These are examples which particularly foreground this structure and where vampires, as contents from the unconscious, are read as heralding a new ofientation or possibility for the mortal hero

Phenotype, functions and fate of adoptively transferred tumor draining lymphocytes activated ex vivo in mice with an aggressive weakly immunogenic mammary carcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Regression of established tumors can be induced by adoptive immunotherapy with tumor draining lymph node lymphocytes activated with bryostatin and ionomycin. We hypothesized that tumor regression is mediated by a subset of the transferred T lymphocytes, which selectively infiltrate the tumor draining lymph nodes and proliferate <it>in vivo</it>.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Adoptive transfer of B/I activated tumor draining lymphocytes induces regression of advanced 4T1 tumors, and depletion of CD8, but not CD4 T cells, abrogated tumor regression in mice. The predominant mediators of tumor regression are CD8+ and derived from CD62L^-T cells. Transferred lymphocytes reached their peak concentration (10.5%) in the spleen 3 days after adoptive transfer and then rapidly declined. Adoptively transferred cells preferentially migrated to and/or proliferated in the tumor draining lymph nodes, peaking at day 5 (10.3%) and remained up to day 28. CFSE-stained cells were seen in tumors, also peaking at day 5 (2.1%). Bryostatin and ionomycin-activated cells proliferated vigorously <it>in vivo</it>, with 10 generations evident in the tumor draining lymph nodes on day 3. CFSE-stained cells found in the tumor draining lymph nodes on day 3 were 30% CD8⁺, 72% CD4⁺, 95% CD44⁺, and 39% CD69⁺. Pre-treatment of recipient mice with cyclophosphamide dramatically increased the number of interferon-gamma producing cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Adoptively transferred CD8+ CD62L^lowT cells are the principal mediators of tumor regression, and host T cells are not required. These cells infiltrate 4T1 tumors, track preferentially to tumor draining lymph nodes, have an activated phenotype, and proliferate <it>in vivo</it>. Cyclophosphamide pre-treatment augments the anti-tumor effect by increasing the proliferation of interferon-gamma producing cells in the adoptive host.</p

Dose response severity functions for acoustic disturbance in cetaceans using recurrent event survival analysis

This work was financially supported by the U. S. Office of Naval Research grant N00014‐12‐1‐0204, under the project “Multi‐study Ocean acoustics Human effects Analysis” (MOCHA). . L. Tyack received funding from the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland) and their support is gratefully acknowledged. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) and contributing institutions. The case study data were provided by the 3S project, which was funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, the Norwegian Ministry of Defense, the Netherlands Ministry of Defense, and WWF Norway.Behavioral response studies (BRSs) aim to enhance our understanding of the behavior changes made by animals in response to specific exposure levels of different stimuli, often presented in an increasing dosage. Here, we focus on BRSs that aim to understand behavioral responses of free-ranging whales and dolphins to manmade acoustic signals (although the methods are applicable more generally). One desired outcome of these studies is dose-response functions relevant to different species, signals and contexts. We adapted and applied recurrent event survival analysis (Cox proportional hazard models) to data from the 3S BRS project, where multiple behavioral responses of different severities had been observed per experimental exposure and per individual based upon expert scoring. We included species, signal type, exposure number and behavioral state prior to exposure as potential covariates. The best model included all main effect terms, with the exception of exposure number, as well as two interaction terms. The interactions between signal and behavioral state, and between species and behavioral state highlighted that the sensitivity of animals to different signal types (a 6–7 kHz upsweep sonar signal [MFAS] or a 1–2 kHz upsweep sonar signal [LFAS]) depended on their behavioral state (feeding or nonfeeding), and this differed across species. Of the three species included in this analysis (sperm whale [Physeter macrocephalus], killer whale [Orcinus orca] and long-finned pilot whale [Globicephala melas]), killer whales were consistently the most likely to exhibit behavioral responses to naval sonar exposure. We conclude that recurrent event survival analysis provides an effective framework for fitting dose-response severity functions to data from behavioral response studies. It can provide outputs that can help government and industry to evaluate the potential impacts of anthropogenic sound production in the ocean.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Changes in the secretome of tri-dimensional spheroid-cultured human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro by interleukin-1 priming

Funding The work was supported with funds from the Stroke Association and from EPSRC, MRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Regenerative Medicine studentship grant EP/L014904/1, and the Manchester Regenerative Medicine Network (MaRM). Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Evaluation of the CHUMS Child Bereavement Group : A Pilot Study Examining Statistical and Clinical Change

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Death Studies on 7 February 2015, available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2014.913085.This article describes the largest evaluation of a UK child bereavement service to date. Change was assessed using conventional statistical tests as well as clinical significance methodology. Consistent with the fact that the intervention was offered on a universal, preventative basis, bereaved young people experienced a statistically significant, small to medium-sized decrease in symptoms over time. This change was equivalent across child age and gender. Type of bereavement had a slight impact on change when rated by parents. Potential clinical implications are highlighted, and various limitations are discussed that we hope to address using an experimental design in future researchPeer reviewedFinal Accepted Versio